Study Population	Sample Size	Percent Undergoing Screening	Predictive Correlates for Screening Behavior
DRE = digital rectal exam; NHIS = National Health Interview Survey; PSA = prostate-specific antigen.
Unaffected men with at least one first-degree relative with prostate cancer.[26]	82 men (aged ≥40 years; mean age 50.5 years).	PSA	Aged >50 years.
		50% reported PSA screening within the previous 14 months.	Annual income ≥U.S. $40,000.
			History of PSA screening prior to study enrollment.
			Higher levels of self-efficacy and response efficacy for undergoing prostate cancer screening.
Sons of men with prostate cancer.[27]	124 men (60 men with a history of prostate cancer aged 38–84 years, median age 59 years; 64 unaffected men aged 31–78 years, median age 55 years).	PSA	39.4% patient request.
		Unaffected men: 95.3% reported ever having a PSA test.	35.6% physician request.
		Affected men: 71.7% reported ever having a PSA test prior to diagnosis.
		DRE
		Unaffected men: 96.9% reported ever having a DRE.
		Affected men: 91.5% reported ever having a DRE prior to diagnosis.
		Both PSA and DRE
		Unaffected men: 93.8% had both.
		Affected men: 70.0% reported having both prior to diagnosis.
Unaffected men with and without a first-degree relative with prostate cancer.[6]	156 men aged ≥40 years (56 men with a first-degree relative; 100 men without a first-degree relative).	PSA	Older age.
		63% reported ever having a PSA test.	First-degree relatives reported higher disease vulnerability and less belief in disease prevention, but this did not result in increased prostate cancer screening when compared to those without a first-degree relative.
		DRE
		86% reported ever having a DRE.
Unaffected Swedish men from families with a 50% probability of carrying a mutation in a dominant prostate cancer susceptibility gene.[3]	110 men aged 50–72 years.	68% of men ≥50 years were screened for prostate cancer.	Greater number of relatives with prostate cancer.
			Low score on the avoidance subscales of the Impact of Event Scale.[28]
Brothers or sons of men with prostate cancer.[29]	136 men aged 40–70 years (72% were African American men).	PSA	Greater number of relatives with prostate cancer.
		72% reported ever having a PSA test.	Older age.
		– 73% within 1 year.	Urinary symptoms.
		– 23% 1–2 years ago.	71% reported their physician had spoken to them about prostate cancer screening.
		– 4% >2 years ago.
		DRE
		90% reported ever having had a DRE.
		– 60% within 1 year.
		– 23% 1–2 years ago.
		– 17% >2 years ago.
Unaffected men with and without a first-degree relative with prostate cancer.[30]	166 men aged 40–80 years (83 men with a first-degree relative; 83 men with no family history).	PSA	Family history of prostate cancer.
		First degree-relative: 72% reported ever having had a PSA test.	Greater perceived vulnerability to developing prostate cancer.
		No family history: 53% reported ever having had a PSA test.
French brothers or sons of men with prostate cancer.[31]	420 men aged 40–70 years.	PSA	Younger age.
		88% adhered to annual PSA screening.	Greater number of relatives with prostate cancer.
			Increased anxiety.
			Married.
			Higher education.
			Previous history of prostate cancer screening.
Unaffected African American men participating in a hereditary prostate cancer study and data from the 1998 and 2000 NHIS.[32]	Unaffected men aged 40–69 years (134 men with a family history of ≥4 men with prostate cancer; 5,583 men from 1998 NHIS [for DRE] including 683 African American men and 4,900 Caucasian men; 3,359 men from 2000 NHIS [for PSA] including 411 African American men and 2,948 Caucasian men).	PSA	Younger age.
		Family Study Cohort:	Fewer number of relatives with prostate cancer.
		45% reported ever having had a PSA test.
		African American men in NHIS:
		65% reported ever having had a PSA test.
		DRE
		Family Study Cohort:
		35% reported ever having had a DRE.
		African American men in NHIS:
		45% reported ever having had a DRE.

References

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